薬物の使用をめぐる規範や習わしは古くからありますが、乱用を抑制するために法や制度で積極的に規制・課税・禁止しようとする動きは比較的最近のものです。このように規制に乗り出すと、禁止されている（あるいは課税されない）薬物を扱う犯罪組織が現れたり、薬物売買の利益が反社会勢力やテロの資金源になるなど、意図とは真逆の作用をもたらすことがあります。いずれにしても、薬物のない世界も、自由に薬物を入手できる世界も実現することはなく、私たちは「薬物をどうすべきか」という難題に向き合い続けています。
本書ではまず「薬物」の定義からスタートして、それが脳内でどのように作用するのか、中毒の性質、使用者に与えるダメージについて考察します。そして薬物の合法化、刑事罰の役割、アルコールとタバコの法的許容範囲に関する疑問に答え、政策面の話へと進みます。次に違法取引に目を向けて、露天商から金の流れ、大物逮捕の効果までを分析し、薬物と犯罪の関係の本質を明らかにします。さらに、治療について、その有効性と公共政策の役割の両面から検討し、苦痛を和らげ高揚感を与えるなど、乱用を招く効果についても議論しています。そして最後に外交政策における薬物、テロリズムとの関係、この問題を取り巻く政治に目を向けます。この差し迫ったテーマについて、最新の情報を凝縮してコンパクトに概説します。
While there have always been norms and customs around the use of drugs, explicit public policies—regulations, taxes, and prohibitions—designed to control drug abuse are a more recent phenomenon. Those policies sometimes have terrible side-effects: most prominently the development of criminal enterprises dealing in forbidden (or untaxed) drugs and the use of the profits of drug-dealing to finance insurgency and terrorism. Neither a drug-free world nor a world of free drugs seems to be on offer, leaving citizens and officials to face the age-old problem: What are we going to do about drugs?
In Drugs and Drug Policy, three noted authorities survey the subject with exceptional clarity, in this addition to the acclaimed series, What Everyone Needs to Know. They begin by, defining "drugs, " examining how they work in the brain, discussing the nature of addiction, and exploring the damage they do to users. The book moves on to policy, answering questions about legalization, the role of criminal prohibitions, and the relative legal tolerance for alcohol and tobacco. The authors then dissect the illicit trade, from street dealers to the flow of money to the effect of catching kingpins, and show the precise nature of the relationship between drugs and crime. They examine treatment, both its effectiveness and the role of public policy, and discuss the beneficial effects of some abusable substances. Finally they move outward to look at the role of drugs in our foreign policy, their relationship to terrorism, and the ugly politics that surround the issue.
Crisp, clear, and comprehensive, this is a handy and up-to-date overview of one of the most pressing topics in today's world.
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1: WHY IS "DRUG" THE NAME OF A PROBLEM?
What is a drug?
And why is drug use a problem?
If abusable psychoactives can be used safely, where does the problem come in? What does it mean for a drug to be "toxic"?
What is behavioural toxicity? Is it the same as intoxication?
What is addiction?l toxicity? Is it the same as What is dependency?
Is addiction a disease? Is it a "chronic, relapsing brain disorder"?
Does that mean that drug addicts are not morally responsible for their drug-taking?
Is the risk of addiction limited to those with an "addictive personality," or to those genetically predisposed to addiction? Which drug is most dangerous or most addictive?
2: WHY HAVE DRUG LAWS?
Addicts are not morally responsible What is drug abuse control policy?
All those sound like good ideas. So what's the problem?
Then wouldn't it be possible to have no coercive drug abuse control policies at all? And wouldn't such a "no coercion" policy have results better than the current mess?
The damage from cocaine dealing and cocaine enforcement, and the crime committed by cocaine users to pay for their habit, is much greater than the damage from cocaine use. Doesn't that prove that prohibition does more harm than good?
If the results of legalization are uncertain, why not just try it out, and go back to the current system if legalization doesn't work?
Why would you expect newly-legal drugs to be much more widely used than the same drugs are now? After all, anyone who is really determined to get an illegal drug can do so.
But wasn't alcohol prohibition in the United States a complete failure?
But everyone knows that Prohibition led to a big increase in homicides.
But didn't Holland and Portugal legalize drugs without any resulting disaster?
But didn't Holland legalize cannabis?
What's the difference between "legalization" and "decriminalization" or "depenalization"?
How much of the increase in consumption after legalization would reflect increased problem use rather than increased casual and beneficial use?
Can't the effects of marketing be reined in by regulations and taxes?
What about legal availability without free trade? Couldn't that work?
Couldn't you just let users go to physicians for their recreational drugs, and make it the doctor's business to try to prevent the development of problem use patterns?
But isn't it impossible to make someone better off by coercing behavioural change? If people want drugs, doesn't depriving them of drugs make them worse off by definition?
If someone chooses to harm himself with a drug, why is that any of anyone else's business?
But wouldn't any increase in addiction to newly-legalized drugs be matched by a decrease in alcohol abuse?
Isn't everyone with an addictive personality already addicted to something?
Should we go back to Prohibition, then? Or legalize the other drugs?
Does that mean that we're stuck with our current alcohol problem?
Are higher taxes the only practical route to a smaller alcohol problem?
If not alcohol, should we prohibit tobacco?
3: HOW DOES DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT WORK?
How is drug enforcement unlike enforcement against other crimes?
Why are illegal drugs so expensive?
Does enforcing prohibition more aggressively drive up prices still higher?
Do high prices discourage drug use? Or will addicts always get their high?
Are Higher Prices Good or Bad?
Does reduced availability discourage drug use?
Does catching drug kingpins make drugs less available?
What are precursor chemicals and precursor controls, and how do they affect the price of drugs?
What is money laundering and can we stop the flow of drug money?
Are Prisons full of Non-Violent Drug Offenders?
Do Long Sentences for Dealers Reduce Drug Use?
Why have crack dealers been punished more harshly than powder-cocaine dealers?
What is the difference between flagrant and discreet drug selling, and why does it matter?
Does the existence of flagrant selling prove the police are corrupt?
Can street drug markets be broken up?
Can Prevention and Treatment Help Drug Law Enforcement?
What are Designer Drugs?
How does the internet complicate drug control?
Should the police be able to confiscate drug dealers' assets?
4: WHAT PREVENTS DRUG ABUSE?
What are risk factors for drug use? Protective factors?
Do drug "pushers" hook unsuspecting children?
Can we persuade children not to use drugs?
Why do high expectations for prevention persist?
Can we design prevention specifically to address the next drug epidemic?
How do DARE, Life Skills, and the Good Behaviour Game differ?
What is the "Good Behaviour Game"?
Is Marijuana a "gateway drug"?
Could there be a vaccine against drug abuse?
What is secondary or indicated prevention?
Does drug abuse spread like an epidemic disease?
Should Drug Policy Vary Over the Epidemic Cycle?
What's the point of workplace drug testing?
5: WHAT TREATS DRUG ABUSE?
Do All Drug Abusers Need Treatment?
What is "behavioural triage"?
Do users have to "hit bottom" before they recover?
What are the Twelve Steps?
What is detoxification?
Is Detoxification Treatment?
What is methadone?
Does methadone detox work?
Does methadone maintenance work?
Why is methadone controversial?
Why not tighten up the rules in methadone clinics to require clients to abstain from drug abuse and diversion?
What is buprenorphine?
What is heroin maintenance and is it treatment?
Does substitution therapy work for illicit drugs other than the opiates?
How does treatment for stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine work?
What is a Therapeutic Community?
What is "contingency management"?
Why is there a shortage of drug treatment?
How do you treat a drug-involved teen?
How about just giving addicts the drugs they crave?
6: HOW MUCH CRIME IS DRUG-RELATED?
Is it drugs that cause crimes, or drug policies?
How are drugs used in date rape?
Are there other ways that drugs cause crimes?
How about offering drug treatment in place of prison?
Why haven't treatment diversion programs performed better?
What are Drug Courts?
What is HOPE?
Can HOPE really solve the drugs-crime problem?
7: WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF DRUG USE?
Can abusable drugs be beneficial?
Can abusable drugs be beneficial other than as medicine?
Can abusable drugs be beneficial other than as medicines and other than as sources of pleasure for the user?
Why should mere pleasure count as a benefit?
Does anyone really doubt that some abusable drugs are medically useful?
What medical conditions can abusable drugs treat, or palliate?
Pain
Sleep disorder
Appetite enhancement and nausea control
Psychiatric diagnoses and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
Do any "street drugs" have potential for treating psychiatric disorders?
Are drugs useful for mood management?
Can drugs be used as performance enhancers for people who do not have any diagnosable deficit?
Can drugs enhance athletic performance?
Are there true aphrodisiacs?
What about cognitive enhancers?
Can drug-taking enhance the appreciation of music and the visual arts?
Can drugs enhance creativity?
Do all performance enhancing drugs work the same way?
What rule can drugs play in religious and spiritual life?
8: CAN DRUG PROBLEMS BE DEALT WITH AT THE SOURCE?
Do international programs offer a quick fix to drug problems?
Can we seal the borders to drugs?
Does border interdiction have any effect on drug use?
Does crop eradication help?
Can alternative development woo farmers away from growing drug crops?
Why not just buy the coca and poppy crops?
Can we force Colombia, Mexico, and Afghanistan to stop exporting drugs?
Why are drugs covered by international treaties?
Are drugs really the largest component of international trade?
9: DOES INTERNATIONAL DRUG DEALING SUPPORT TERRORISM?
How do terrorists get a cut of the drug business?
How much money is involved?
Money aside, what are the other links between drugs and terrorism?
How does corruption fit into the drug-and-terror picture?
If drug dealing helps terrorists, does enforcing drug laws help control terrorism? Is "counter-narcotics" an integral part of "counter-insurgency"?
How does drug law enforcement give terrorists and their clients a competitive advantage?
Why does drug law enforcement in drug-exporting countries increase the amount of money in the illicit drug trade?
Why not just buy the opium crop and put the traffickers out of business?
Would rural economic development provide an alternative to poppy-growing for poor farmers?
Can't effective enforcement take a country out of the drug-trafficking picture entirely?
Should we legalize drugs as a counter-terrorist measure?
Short of legalization, how can we reduce the contribution of drugs, drug laws, and drug law enforcement to the terrorism problem?
How about fighting corruption?
Wouldn't prevention and treatment help?
10: WHEN IT COMES TO DRUGS, WHY CAN'T WE THINK CALMLY AND PLAY NICE?
Why do arguments about drug policy get so irrational and so mean-spirited?
Aren't the culture wars mostly behind us?
Why can't the politicians and the culture warriors just stay out of it and let science decide on drug policy?
What else keeps science from contributing more?
Then how can we improve our evidence base?
What role do the mass media play?
How does race intersect with drug policy?
Why are so many black Americans in prison for drug crimes?
But doesn't the crack/powder disparity represent racism in action?
CONCLUSION: WHAT IS TO BE DONE?
The consensus list
For the pragmatists
A bridge too far
Appendix: HOW DO DRUGS WORK IN THE BRAIN?
How does the neuron-to-neuron communication process work?
And how do drugs fit in to this process?
Are the agonists the same as the stimulants, and the antagonists the same as the depressants?
How does all of this relate to addiction?
So is addiction just in the neurons?
Can antagonists be used to deal with addiction?
Can there be vaccines against addiction?
How about finding less damaging substitutes? Why can't we make non-addictive versions of today's drugs of abuse?
Bibliography
Index
"Drugs and Drug Policy is the product of scholarly work but comes in the form of a guidebook of answers to questions simple and complex about everything to do with the two topics. It is fit for both the policymaker and the concerned parent (how many books can this be said of?) because it combines a rigorous analytical approach to drugs without skipping over the social reasons the topic deserves to be discussed in the home. Kleiman, Caulkins and Hawken's review of the nuances of the drug issue can't help but elicit an appreciation for the variety of approaches against drug use that could supplement or substitute for our current top-down one." --Forbes.com
"Drugs and Drug Policy is a practical book which aims to debunk myths...thoughtful and clearly written." - The Economist
"A product of genius, in form and content: more than two hundred questions, all relevant and urgent, with succinct and lucid answers. When I started the book, I had strong opinions on many of the topics it covered; again and again--every time the book came into conflict with my original beliefs--the authors changed my mind. If you care about drugs, you need to read this book. If you don't, read it anyway, just to see how it's done." --Thomas Schelling, 2005 Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences
"In this deceptively simple book, Mark A.R. Kleiman, Jonathan P. Caulkins, and Angela Hawken eviscerate many of the arguments behind the policies that have been the leading weapons in the war on drugs. But they also cast a skeptical eye on some shibboleths of the burgeoning drug reform movement...the authors' penetrating and nuanced critique of the growing calls for legalization is one of the highlights of the book." -- The New Republic
"This book is incredibly useful, in both format and content. It has made me more aware than ever of the extent to which people are either uninformed or misinformed about most issues having to do with drug policy, drug trafficking, and criminal activity. If Washington's political leaders, government officials, and policy analysts give the book the wide attention it deserves, we might finally begin the kind of serious, rational debate about drug issues that the US and the rest of the world desperately needs." --Peter Hakim, President Emeritus and Senior Fellow of the Inter-American Dialogue
"[The authors] ask the right questions, and their answers and discussions can benefit anyone connected to the subject-users and enforcers, policy makers and implementers, innocent bystanders and citizens...worth reading." -Tickle the Wire.com
"An easy-to-read, authoritative guide to the key issues...[The authors] aren't trying to make friends, they are trying to tell the truth as evidence or logic leads them." --Eric Sterling, President of The Criminal Justice Policy Foundation, Sterling on Justice & Drugs
"The authors are refreshingly candid about the trade-offs and limitations of drug policy, and through a series of brief answers to 143 questions, they provide a well-written and generally fair-minded summary of the vast literatures bearing on drug problems." --Health Affairs
ISBN : 9780199764501
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