Preface
    
CHAPTER 1. PHILOSOPHY AND YOU
   
1.1 PHILOSOPHY: THE QUEST FOR UNDERSTANDING
The Good of Philosophy
Philosophical Terrain
1.2 SOCRATES AND THE EXAMINED LIFE
PLATO: The Republic
1.3 THINKING PHILOSOPHICALLY
Reasons and Arguments
Reading Philosophy
Fallacious Reasoning
Argument Exercises
Narrative: Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates
    
CHAPTER 2. GOD AND RELIGION
  
2.1 OVERVIEW: GOD AND PHILOSOPHY
Why Religion Matters
Overview: The Philosopher's Quest
Belief and Disbelief
2.2 ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
Cosmological Arguments
AQUINAS: Summa Theologica
CRAIG: Reasonable Faith
Design Arguments
PALEY: Natural Theology
HUME: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Ontological Arguments
ANSELM: Proslogium
KANT: Critique of Pure Reason
2.3 GOD AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL
Rowe's Argument from Evil
ROWE: Philosophy of Religion
The Free Will Defense
SWINBURNE: Is There a God?
The Soul-Making Defense
HICK: Evil and the God of Love
2.4 THEISM AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE
ST. TERESA OF AVILA: The Life of Teresa of Jesus
MACKIE: The Miracle of Theism
ROWE: Philosophy of Religion
SWINBURNE: The Existence of God
2.5 BELIEF WITHOUT REASON
James: Pragmatic Faith
JAMES: "The Will to Believe"
MARTIN: Atheism: A Philosophical Justification
Pascal: Betting on God
PASCAL: Pensées and Other Writings
2.6 EASTERN RELIGIONS
Buddhism
SUMEDHO: Buddha-Nature
RAHULA: What the Buddha Taught
Hinduism
Daoism
CHUANG TZU: All Things Are One
LAO-TZU: Tao-te ching
Fiction: Arthur C. Clarke, "The Star"
   
CHAPTER 3. MORALITY AND THE MORAL LIFE
   
3.1 OVERVIEW: ETHICS AND THE MORAL DOMAIN
Ethics and Morality
Moral Theories
Religion and Morality
SHAFER-LANDAU: Whatever Happened to Good and Evil?
3.2 MORAL RELATIVISM
Subjective Relativism
Cultural Relativism
3.3 MORALITY BASED ON CONSEQUENCES
Utilitarianism
MILL: "What Utilitarianism Is"
Ethical Egoism
3.4 MORALITY BASED ON DUTY AND RIGHTS
KANT: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
3.5 MORALITY BASED ON CHARACTER
ARISTOTLE: Nicomachean Ethics
SHAFER-LANDAU: The Fundamentals of Ethics
3.6 FEMINIST ETHICS AND THE ETHICS OF CARE
JAGGAR: "Feminist Ethics"
CROSTHWAITE: "Gender and Bioethics"
HELD: The Ethics of Care
BAIER: "The Need for More Than Justice"
3.7 ALBERT CAMUS: AN EXISTENTIALIST VOICE
CAMUS: The Myth of Sisyphus
3.8 CONFUCIANISM
CONFUCIUS: Analects
NOSS: A History of the World's Religions
Fiction: Ursula K. Le Guin, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas"
    
CHAPTER 4. MIND AND BODY
   
4.1 OVERVIEW: THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM
4.2 SUBSTANCE DUALISM
DESCARTES: Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason
SCHICK: Doing Philosophy
DESCARTES: Meditations on First Philosophy
SEARLE: Mind
4.3 MIND-BODY IDENTITY
SMART: "Sensations and Brain Processes"
CHALMERS: The Conscious Mind
NAGEL: "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?"
4.4 THE MIND AS SOFTWARE
FODOR: "The Mind-Body Problem"
BLOCK: "Troubles with Functionalism"
SEARLE: Mind
4.5 THE MIND AS PROPERTIES
CHALMERS: The Conscious Mind
Fiction: Terry Bisson, "They're Made out of Meat"
    
CHAPTER 5. FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM
   
5.1 OVERVIEW: THE FREE WILL PROBLEM
5.2 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM
D'HOLBACH: "Of the System of Man's Free Agency"
JAMES: "The Dilemma of Determinism"
5.3 COMPATIBILISM
LOCKE: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
STACE: Religion and the Modern Mind
ROWE: "Two Concepts of Freedom"
5.4 LIBERTARIANISM
VAN INWAGEN: An Essay on Free Will
TAYLOR: Metaphysics
5.5 SARTRE'S PROFOUND FREEDOM
SARTRE: "Existentialism Is a Humanism"
Fiction: Thomas D. Davis, "A Little Omniscience Goes a Long Way"
   
CHAPTER 6. KNOWLEDGE AND SKEPTICISM
   
6.1 OVERVIEW: THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE
6.2 THE RATIONALIST ROAD
Plato's Rationalism
PLATO: Meno
Descartes' Doubt
DESCARTES: Meditations on First Philosophy
Descartes' Certainty
DESCARTES: Meditations on First Philosophy
6.3 THE EMPIRICIST TURN
Locke
LOCKE: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Berkeley
BERKELEY: Of the Principles of Human Knowledge
Hume
HUME: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
6.4 THE KANTIAN COMPROMISE
KANT: Critique of Pure Reason
6.5 A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE ON KNOWLEDGE
AINLEY: "Feminist Philosophy"
ANTONY: "Embodiment and Epistemology"
ANDERSON: "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science"
COLE: Philosophy and Feminist Criticism
Fiction: Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass
    
* CHAPTER 7. AESTHETICS
   
* 7.1 OVERVIEW: PHILOSOPHY OF BEAUTY
* 7.2 WHAT IS ART?
*BELL: Art
* 7.3 AESTHETIC VALUE
* 7.4 PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND HUME
*ARISTOTLE: The Poetics
*HUME: Of the Standard of Taste
*Fiction: Edgar Allan Poe, "The Oval Portrait"
   
CHAPTER 8. THE JUST SOCIETY
   
8.1 OVERVIEW: JUSTICE AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
8.2 PLATO'S THEORY: JUSTICE AS MERIT
PLATO: The Republic
8.3 SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORIES
Hobbes
HOBBES: Leviathan
Locke
LOCKE: Second Treatise of Government
Rawls
RAWLS: A Theory of Justice
8.4 SOCIALIST THEORIES
MARX AND ENGELS: Manifesto of the Communist Party
8.5 FEMINISM AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
OKIN: Justice, Gender, and the Family
MILLER: Political Philosophy
Fiction: William Golding, "Lord of the Flies"
   
CHAPTER 9. THE MEANING OF LIFE
     
9.1 OVERVIEW: PHILOSOPHY AND THE MEANING OF LIFE
9.2 PESSIMISM: LIFE HAS NO MEANING
TOLSTOY: My Confession
SCHOPENHAUER: "On the Sufferings of the World"
BAGGINI: What's It All About?
9.3 OPTIMISM: LIFE CAN HAVE MEANING
Meaning from Above
TOLSTOY: My Confession
BAGGINI: What's It All About?
Meaning from Below
EDWARDS: The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Fiction: Voltaire, "The Good Brahmin"