市民権は現代の政治において最も熱い論争の的となっています。国際人を自認するエリートや人権擁護者が「グローバルな市民権」という概念を熱望する一方で、ポピュリズムや移民排斥主義が国籍の重要性に関する議論を再燃させています。
市民権はかつて、相互扶助と犠牲を約束する個人間の連帯を表すものでした。しかし、市民権が国籍とは切り離して考えられるようになるにつれ、平等というより特権の目印に変わりつつあります。在留許可の無い移民の子どもに生得権を与えるべきかという政策上の意見の相違は、市民権に関わる他の動きへの扉を開くものです。市民権の取得が難しくなった一方で、文字通り市民権を購入できるようになった人もいます。他方、二重国籍者の爆発的な増加は、国籍唯一の原則を追求するのではなく、多重国籍を容認し、個々の多様なアイデンティティを構築・維持できる時代へ私たちを誘いつつあります。市民権はすべての人にとって同じ意味を持つわけでもなければ、各国が足並みを揃えて取り組んできたわけでもありません。しかし、国際化が進むなかで、制度としての市民権は新しい時代へ向かっています。
市民権は何を意味し、どのように取得でき、どのような時に喪失するものなのか。また、歴史の中ではどのように変化してきたものなのか。市民権を得ることでどのような利益を享受でき、またどのような義務が生じるのかなどを、比較しながら解説します。個人の権利や義務に市民権の有無がどう影響し、無国籍は何を意味するのか。難民危機や、テロリストの市民権は抹消すべきか、などの問題も併せて取り上げています。国籍に代わるものとしての地域市民権や世界市民権、投資家の市民権などの現象についても考察しています。市民権という概念に歴史的・批判的な視点を与え、現代社会の中心的な組織原理の理解を助けてくれる意義深い概説を提供します。
Almost everyone has citizenship, and yet it has emerged as one of the most hotly contested issues of contemporary politics. Even as cosmopolitan elites and human rights advocates aspire to some notion of "global citizenship," populism and nativism have re-ignited the importance of national citizenship. Either way, the meaning of citizenship is changing. Citizenship once represented solidarities among individuals committed to mutual support and sacrifice, but as it is decoupled from national community on the ground, it is becoming more a badge of privilege than a marker of equality. Intense policy disagreement about whether to extend birthright citizenship to the children of unauthorized immigrants opens a window on other citizenship-related developments. At the same time that citizenship is harder to get for some, for others it is literally available for purchase. The exploding incidence of dual citizenship, meanwhile, is moving us away from a world in which states jealously demanded exclusive affiliation, to one in which individuals can construct and maintain formal multinational identities. Citizenship does not mean the same thing to everyone, nor have states approached citizenship policy in lockstep. Rather, global trends point to a new era for citizenship as an institution.
In Citizenship: What Everyone Needs to Know®, legal scholar Peter J. Spiro explains citizenship through accessible terms and questions: what citizenship means, how you obtain citizenship (and how you lose it), how it has changed through history, what benefits citizenship gets you, and what obligations it extracts from you--all in comparative perspective. He addresses how citizenship status affects a person's rights and obligations, what it means to be stateless, the refugee crisis, and whether or not countries should terminate the citizenship of terrorists. He also examines alternatives to national citizenship, including sub-national and global citizenship, and the phenomenon of investor citizenship. Spiro concludes by considering whether nationalist and extremist politics will lead to a general retreat from state-based forms of association and the end of citizenship as we know it. Ultimately, Spiro provides historical and critical perspective to a concept that is a part of our everyday discourse, providing a crucial contribution to our understanding of a central organizing principle of the modern world.
Introduction: Citizenship's Ascendancy
Chapter 1: Citizenship through Birth
Chapter 2: Naturalization
Chapter 3: Rights and Obligations of Citizenship
Chapter 4: Dual citizenship
Chapter 5: Citizenship Deprivation and Statelessness
Chapter 6: Citizenship and Its Alternatives
Conclusion: Citizenship's End?
Notes
References
Index
ISBN : 9780190917296
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