People tend to think of civil-military relationships in binary terms. Either the military takes its orders from its usually civilian government leaders without any resistance or the military calls the governmental shots by taking over the government when it is displeased with civilian behavior. Reality, of course, is much different. There is an incredible variety of civil-military relationships around the globe, ranging between the continuum end points of full obedience to governmental authority and military coups d'etat. It is ordinarily difficult to tap into that variety easily because edited collections of country studies are constrained by space limitations to covering a handful of representative or interesting political systems. That constraint often leads to focusing on a few well known cases - normally, ones involving intermittent military rule. Other examinations limit themselves to more in-depth analysis of single cases. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics is the first of its kind in the sense that it contains 92 chapters encompassing roughly a hundred cases examining the evolution of civil-military relationships over time. Approximately half of the cases encompass states in which the military more or less accepts political subordination. In the other half, they either have refused to be subordinated or become politically insubordinate intermittently. Authors were recruited from around the world to address these issues from a variety of perspectives. In addition, another 32 chapters examine topical questions such as what factors encourage military coups, what are the consequences of military rule, how do the military vote, or whether military expenditures boost economic growth.
A
Afghanistan: Martial Society Without Military Rule (Amin Tarzi)
Albania: Civil-Military Relations in the Post-Cold War Era (Gerassimos Karabelias)
Algeria: Military Past as Prologue (Paul E. Lenze, Jr.)
Arab Gulf States: Expanding Roles for the Military (Eleonora Ardemagni)
Argentina: The Journey from Military Intervention to Subordination (David Pion-Berlin)
Armies in Politics: The Domestic Determinants of Military Coup Behavior (Ekim Arbatli)
Australia: Expanding and Applying the Field of Civil-Military Relations (Ben Wadham and Willem de Lint)
B
Bahrain: The Army and the Dynamics of State-Society Relations (Laurence Louër)
The Bangladesh Army: What It Costs to Remain Apolitical (Smruti S. Pattanaik)
Benin and Togo: Loyalist Stacking and Rival Security Forces (Julien Morency-Laflamme)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Unifying Armed Forces in a Divided State (Danijela Dudley)
Botswana: The Evolution and Influence of the Military in Politics (David Sebudubudu)
Burkina Faso: Military Responses to Popular Pressures (Daniel Eizenga)
Burundi: Assessing Military Institutional Reforms Post-Arusha (Astrid Jamar and Gerard Birantamije)
C
Cambodia: Armed Forces Under Personalized Control (Paul W. Chambers)
Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability (Kristen A. Harkness)
Canada: Very "Civil" Military Relations (Joel J. Sokolsky)
Central African Republic: Coups, Mutinies, and Civil War (Timothy Stapleton)
Chad: Armed Presidents and Politics (Ketil Hansen)
Chile: Military and Politics in the 20th Century (Brian Loveman)
China: Party-Army Relations Past and Present (Sofia K. Ledberg)
“Civil and Military” as a Constitutive Categorization of the Study of War and Politics (Jan Angstrom and Sofia K. Ledberg)
Colombia: Civilian Control and Militarized Repression (William Aviles)
Congo-Kinshasa: The Military in the State-Building Process (Emizet F. Kisangani)
Conscription and the Politics of Military Recruitment (Nathan W. Toronto and Lindsay P. Cohn)
Conscription, Citizenship, and Democracy (Tony Ingesson)
The Consequences of Military Rule: Juntas Versus Strongmen (Barbara Geddes)
The Control-Effectiveness Framework of Civil-Military Relations (Florina Cristiana Matei and Carolyn Halladay)
Costa Rica: Demilitarization and Democratization (John A. Booth)
Côte d'Ivoire: The Military, Ruling Elites, and Political Power (Simon A. Akindes)
Counterbalancing and Coups d'État (Erica De Bruin)
Coup-Proofing in the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Region (Derek Lutterbeck)
Coup-Proofing Vulnerable Presidencies in Latin America (Eric Rittinger)
The Cromwellian Army's Political Role During the Interregnum (Henry Reece)
Cuba: The Military and Politics (Jorge I. Domínguez)
The Czech Republic: The Military and Politics (Zdenek Kríz and Oldrich Krpec)
D
Demobilization Challenges After Armed Conflict (Margit Bussmann)
Domestic and International Constituencies in Military Coups (Ömer Aslan)
The Dominican Republic: From Military Rule to Democracy (Ellen Tillman)
E
Ecuador: Military Autonomy Under Democratic Rule (Maiah Jaskoski)
Egypt and Tunisia: Political Control of the Military Under Mubarak and Ben Ali (Risa A. Brooks)
El Salvador: The Consolidation and Collapse of Military Domination (William D. Stanley)
Eritrea: The Everyday Politics of Mass Militarization (Jennifer Riggan)
Ethiopia: The Role of the Military in the Political Order (Alem Kebede)
Ethnic Inequality and Coups d'État (Cristina Bodea and Christian Houle)
F
Fiji: The Militarization of Politics in a Small-Island Developing State (Vijay Naidu)
Foreign Military Training and Coups d'État (Jesse Dillon Savage)
France: Civil-Military Relations in the Antiterrorist Frame (Grégory Daho)
G
Gabon: An Uneasy Civil-Military Concord (Olaf Bachmann)
Gender and the Military in Western Democracies (Helena Carreiras)
Georgia: Warlords, Generals, and Politicians (David Darchiashvili and Stephen Jones)
Germany: An Army in a Democracy in an Epoch of Extremes (Donald Abenheim and Carolyn Halladay)
Ghana: The Military in Transition From Praetorianism to Democratic Control (Eboe Hutchful, Ben Kunbour, and Humphrey Asamoah Agyekum)
Greece: From Overt Military Activism to Democratic Normality (Dimitris Tsarouhas)
Guatemala: The Military in Politics (Anita Isaacs and Rachel A. Schwartz)
Guinea: The History of the Military as a Political Actor (Paul Clarke)
H
Haiti: Deconstructing Military Entanglements in Politics (Michel S. Laguerre)
Honduras: All-Purpose Militarization (Kristina Mani)
Hungary: A Historically Apolitical Military (Tamás Csiki Varga and András Rácz)
I
India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh: Civil-Military Relations (Sumit Ganguly)
India: Soldier-Civilian Alliance in a Democratic Context (Anshu N. Chatterjee)
Indonesia: The Military's Transformation From Praetorian Ruler to Presidential Coalition Partner (Marcus Mietzner)
Interests, Institutions, and Defense Spending (Justin Conrad and Mark Souva)
The International Fraternity of the Uniform: Implications for Civil-Military Relations (Joel J. Sokolsky)
Iran: Imperial and Republican Civil-Military Relations (Ahmed S. Hashim)
Iraq: Civil-Military Relations from the Monarchy to the Republics (Ahmed S. Hashim)
Israel: A Politically Monitored Military in a Militarized Society (Yagil Levy)
Italy: The Military in Politics (Nicola Labanca)
J
Japan: The Culture of Insubordination in the Army, 1868-1945 (Danny Orbach)
Jordan: The Military and Politics in the Hashemite Kingdom (Curtis R. Ryan)
K
Kenya: The King's Shadow Army (Henrik Laugesen)
L
Leaders, Generals, Juntas: The Military in Politics and International Conflict Initiation (Peter White)
Lebanon: A Military in Politics in a Divided Society (Oren Barak)
M
Macedonia: Troublesome Relations Among Politics, Ethnicity, and the Military (Biljana Vankovska)
Madagascar: The Military in Politics (Juvence F. Ramasy)
The Maldives: The Changing Dynamics of Civil-Military Relations (Prashant Hosur Suhas and Vasabjit Banerjee)
Mali: The Hot and Cold Relationship Between Military Intervention and Democratic Consolidation (Florina Cristiana Matei)
Mauritania: The Institutionalization of Military Supremacy (Boubacar N'Diaye)
Militaries' Organizational Cultures in a Globalizing World (Joseph Soeters)
Military and Absentee Voting in the United States: History and Modern Practice (Donald S. Inbody)
Military Coups d'État and Their Causes (Fabrice Lehoucq)
Military Expenditures and Economic Growth (J. Paul Dunne and Nan Tian)
Military-Industrial Complexes and Their Variations (Marc R. DeVore)
Military Learning and Evolutions in Warfare in the Modern Era (Nathan W. Toronto)
Military Politics and Democratic Transition: Combining Rationality, Culture, and Structure (Hicham Bou Nassif)
Military, Security, and Politics in Regime Change: Explaining the Power Triangle (Hazem Kandil)
Myanmar: Civil-Military Relations in a Tutelary Regime (Marco Bünte)
N
Nepal: The Role of the Military in Politics, 1990-2020 (Bishnu Raj Upreti)
Niger: Armed Force Politics and Counterterrorism (Virginie Baudais)
North Korea: The Korean People's Army in the Shadow of Its Supreme Leader (Seongji Woo)
O
Outsourcing War and Security (Ori Swed and Daniel Burland)
P
Pakistan: Persistent Praetorianism (Aqil Shah)
The Palestinian Military: Two Militaries, Not One (Hillel Frisch)
Papua New Guinea: Volatile but Coupless (R. J. May)
The Philippines: Civil-Military Relations, from Marcos to Duterte (Terence Lee)
R
The Republic of the Congo: The Colonial Origins of Military Rule (Joshua Shaw and Brett Carter)
Risk Assessment: Prospect Theory and Civil-Military Affairs (Gregory Winger)
Romania: Civil-Military Relations in the Modern Age (Marian Zulean)
Rwanda: Civil-Military Relations (Marco Jowell)
S
Saudi Arabia: The Role of the Military in Politics (Ayman Al-Yassini)
Serbia's Civil-Military Relations (Filip Ejdus)
Sierra Leone: Military Coups and Dictatorships (Jimmy D. Kandeh)
Slovakia: Creating and Transforming Civil-Military Relations (Matej Navrátil and Michal Onderco)
South Korea: The Journey Toward Civilian and Democratic Control Over the Military (Carl J. Saxer)
Spain: The Long Road From an Interventionist Army to Democratic and Modern Armed Forces (Rafa Martínez and Fernando J. Padilla Angulo)
Sri Lanka's Military: From Ceremonial to Professional (Ayesha Siddiqa)
Sudan: Soldiers and Civilians, 1958-2019 (Peter Woodward)
Suriname: The National Army in Politics (Dirk Kruijt)
Syria: Coup Politics, Authoritarian Regimes, and Savage War (Philippe Droz-Vincent)
T
Tanzania: Civil-Military Relations and Nationalism (Daniel G. Zirker)
Territorial Threats and Military Dictatorships (Nam Kyu Kim)
Thailand: Camouflaged Khakistocracy in Civil-Military Relations (Paul W. Chambers)
Turkey: The Rise and Fall of the Influence of the Military in Politics (Acar Kutay)
U
Uganda: A Perspective on Politico-Military Fusion (Jude Kagoro)
Ukraine: Democratizing Civil-Military Relations in the Midst of Conflict (Marybeth P. Ulrich)
The United Kingdom: Increasingly Fractious Civil-Military Relations (Andrew M. Dorman)
The United States: Politicians, Partisans, and Military Professionals (Peter Feaver and Damon Coletta)
Uruguay: No Country for a Military? (David Altman and Nicole Jenne)
The U.S. Civil-Military Relations Gap and the Erosion of Historical Democratic Norms (Marybeth P. Ulrich)
The U.S. Politico-Military-Industrial Complex (John A. Alic)
V
Valkyrie: The Anti-Nazi Underground in the Wehrmacht, 1938-1945 (Danny Orbach)
Venezuela: Coup-Proofing From Pérez Jiménez to Maduro (Deborah L. Norden)
W
West Africa: Civil-Military Relations From a Colonial Perspective (Naila Salihu)
Z
Zimbabwe: A History of the Military in Politics, 1980-2019 (Martin Revayi Rupiya)
ISBN : 9780190921514
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