内戦とは大規模な政治的暴力の最も一般的な形です。資源から政治まで、その原因は多岐にわたります。内戦の背景を把握するには、その国の政治的暴力の歴史と、誰が責任を負うべきかに関する深い理解が不可欠です。内戦に関する理論は国際関係論や比較政治学領域から発展し、統計分析を行うために何百もの内戦が目録化・データベース化されています。どのような条件の下で内戦が発生し、どのように戦闘が展開・終結するのかについての理解は進みましたが、歴史的経緯に対する深い理解は依然として重要であり続けています。本書では、内戦をめぐる現在の議論と戦闘の理由の変遷を探ります。
 

• Provides an overview of the key causes and consequences of civil wars
• Discusses how civil wars have changed and continue to change
• Highly relevant for foreign policy makers in need of a brief yet rigorous account of an ongoing challenge to international security

    
Civil wars are nasty, brutish, and long. Monica Duffy Toft introduces this complex and timely topic.
   
Civil wars are the most common form of large-scale political violence. In the past thirty years, the study of civil wars has been one of the largest growing segments of the international relations field. Their causes are complex, ranging from fights over access to housing, jobs, and arable land or other resources, to political contests over offices, rights, and representation. Because civil wars tend to drag on, motives and relevant actors shift. Groups form, collapse, coalesce, align and realign, and then fight amongst themselves. Governments themselves change through elections, coups, military defeats, or revolutions. Understanding the origins of civil wars and their trajectories therefore demands some appreciation of the economic, political, social, cultural, and geographic order of societies. If there is one factor that best predicts why a civil war erupts, it is a prior civil war. That is why knowledge of a country's history of political violence, and associated narratives about who is to blame and why, are critical to understanding where a civil war might next occur. Do insurgents deserve the title of freedom fighters or are they simply criminals or terrorists? If contested resources can be readily divided, how is it that seemingly rational actors so often treat them as indivisible? What is it about identity, or identities, that seem so irreconcilable that they so often lead to an escalation to violence--including violence against noncombatants--and the collapse of governments?
  
Theories about the causes, the nature, and the termination of civil wars have been adapted from both the international relations and comparative politics disciplines, and there are now many databases, cataloguing hundreds of cases of civil war, that enable sophisticated statistical analysis and formal modeling. As a result, we now have a better understanding of the conditions under which civil wars generally emerge, how the fighting evolves (sometimes involving interventions by external actors), and how civil wars end. However, historical understanding--the human dimensions--remain every bit as critical. This Very Short Introduction explores current debates on civil wars and how the reasons for fighting (and the nature of belligerents themselves) are changing.