This book discusses and explains in a clear, concise, and colloquial style the foundational concepts that determine how science proceeds in investigating the natural world, and the knowledge it is able to provide. It is accessible to first-year college students, interested laymen, and even high-school students. It uses simple facts to guide the reader through difficult concepts such as material reality, hypotheses, theory, and the logical foundations of science. It also warns the reader of the errors that are made if the scientific method is used in contexts that are not scientific, leading to controversial statements that should have no place in science. The book is written by a scientist, hence it appeals to our common sense and practical bent, rather than aspiring to reach abstract philosophical conclusions.