ISBN : 9780199580200
In the modern world of ever smaller devices and nanotechnology, electron crystallography emerges as the most important method capable of determining the structure of minute objects down to the size of individual atoms. Crystals of only a few millionths of a millimetre are studied. This is the first textbook explaining how this is done. Great attention is given to symmetry in crystals and how it manifests itself in electron microscopy and electron diffraction, and how this symmetry can be determined and taken advantage of in achieving improved electron microscopy images and solving crystal structures from electron diffraction patterns. Theory and practice are combined; experimental images, diffraction patterns, formulae and numerical data are discussed in parallel, giving the reader a complete understanding of what goes on inside the "black boxes" of computer programs. This up-to-date textbook contains the newest techniques in electron crystallography, including detailed descriptions and explanations of the recent remarkable successes in determining the very complex structures of zeolites and intermetallics. The controversial issue of whether there is phase information present in electron micrsocopy images or not is also resolved once and for all. The extensive appendices include computer labs which have been used at various courses at Stockholm University and international schools in electron crystallography, with applications to the textbook. Students can download image processing programs and follow these lab instructions to get a hands-on experience of electron crystallography.
PREFACE
1. Electron crystallography - an introduction
I. FUNDAMENTAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
2. Fundamental crystallography
3. The effects of symmetry in real and reciprocal space
II. FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
4. Fundamental electron microscopy
5. Electrons interact strongly with matter
6. Electron diffraction
7. Phase identification and 3D electron diffraction
8. Phase contrast, contrast transfer function (CTF) and high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM)
9. Convergent beam electron diffraction
10. Simulation of Images and electron diffraction patterns
III. STRUCTURE DETERMINATION BY ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
11. Solving crystal structures from HRTEM images by crystallographic image processing
12. Experimental procedures for Crystallographic Image Processing
13. Solving crystal structures from ED data
14. Structure refinement from ED data
15. 3D electron crystallography
16. Applications
IV. APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Goals of a course in electron crystallography
Appendix 2: Sample preparation
Appendix 3: Reflection conditions generated by symmetry elements and lattice
Appendix 4: Characteristics of the 17 plane groups and 3D Space group determination
Appendix 5: Convolutions, Fourier transforms and how to get phases - an introduction
Appendix 6: Identify HRTEM images, Calculated FT from HRTEM images, SAED patterns and potential maps
Appendix 7: Computer lab on crystallographic image processing of HRTEM images
Appendix 8: Indexing electron diffraction patterns
Appendix 9: Computer lab on quantifying and analysing electron diffraction patterns
Appendix 10. Determining space group and unit cell dimensions from ED patterns- Web page/ Server- Computer labs, including processing HRTEM images and ED patterns, Original Datasets, Figures, Images and ED patterns - related to the examples described in the book, The programs CRISP, ELD and Space Group Explorer
